Is Symbolic Diplomacy Unreal in Geopolitics?

August 21, 2025 Mediation - Diplomacy No Comments

Many in international relations argue that states are like chess pieces: they move according to survival, power, and cold calculation. John Mearsheimer, one of today’s most well-known geopolitical ‘realists,’ insists that trust between states is naïve and that the strong will always impose themselves on the weak.

This view feels persuasive because history seems full of wars, deterrence, and power balances. But is this the whole truth? Or does a realism that ignores the symbolic depth of human beings end up seeing only the surface? Is symbolic diplomacy a naïve illusion, or is it the deeper realism we urgently need?

Why realism feels persuasive

Geopolitical realism appeals because it has surface clarity. Tanks, treaties, nuclear arsenals, GDP figures — these are measurable and countable. They fit the Darwinian metaphor of survival of the fittest, a world where force and cunning decide. History books often reinforce this picture: the Cold War as deterrence, the balance of power before World War I, the perpetual competition among great powers.

Yet this clarity is deceptive. It abstracts nations into chess pieces, forgetting that they are made up of people, each of whom is moved not only by material interest but by deeper meaning.

The blind spot of classic realism

What such ‘realism’ neglects is human depth. Nations fight not only for resources but for dignity, memory, and identity. Wars often ignite from symbolic triggers: a disputed city, a flag raised in the wrong place, a sacred site violated. These are not irrational ornaments but central drivers of behavior.

As explored in The Living Power of Symbols, symbols act as living forces. They carry energy that can bind communities together or set them against each other. To dismiss this is to misread the true causes of many conflicts.

Symbols as the deeper realism

Symbolic diplomacy is not a denial of power politics but a reframing of its foundation. Power without symbolic recognition is brittle. Victories are temporary when symbolic wounds remain unhealed, and every balance of power is unstable until deeper identity conflicts are addressed.

A brief contrast helps clarify: classic realism sees states as billiard balls colliding in an anarchic system, while symbolic diplomacy sees them as communities of meaning, driven by both visible resources and invisible symbols. Where realism seeks deterrence, symbolic diplomacy seeks recognition. This is not softness but deeper clarity.

For more on this reframing, see Symbolism in Diplomacy.

A comparative table

Classic Realism vs. Symbolic Diplomacy

Aspect	Classic Realism	Symbolic Diplomacy
Core assumption	States are like billiard balls: survival depends on power, not trust.	States are communities of people whose actions are shaped by deep symbols and meaning.
View of conflict	Inevitable struggle for dominance in an anarchic system.	Often fueled by unacknowledged symbolic wounds or competing meanings.
Role of trust	Dangerous illusion; weakness if taken seriously.	Essential resource, carefully nurtured at the symbolic level.
Tools of diplomacy	Balance of power, deterrence, coercion, alliances.	Listening to depth, respecting symbols, creating shared narratives.
Durability of peace	Temporary, fragile, dependent on shifting power.	More lasting, grounded in changed symbolic relationships and mutual recognition.
Human depth	Largely ignored; focus on observable, material interests.	Central: symbols as gateways to dignity, identity, and healing.
Blind spot	Reduces humans to ‘pseudo-rational’ power-maximizers.	Risk of being dismissed as ‘soft’ if not supported by a clear method and science.

Practical implications

Diplomats need what could be called symbolic literacy. This means sensitivity to narratives, rituals, historical wounds, and collective identities. Recognizing the symbolic does not weaken a negotiating position — on the contrary, it builds trust that makes agreements more durable.

Tools like the Symbolic Literacy Charter for Diplomats [see addendum in Symbolism in Diplomacy] can help, setting out principles of respect, listening, and symbolic awareness. And approaches such as Lisa’s art of subtle diplomacy show how coaching principles can guide symbolic encounters without loss of face.

Case example: Ukraine and Russia

Consider the ongoing conflict in Ukraine. A realist lens sees territory, security dilemmas, NATO expansion, and spheres of influence. All true — but incomplete. At a deeper level lie symbols: Kyiv as cradle of Russian identity, NATO as symbol of humiliation or threat, World War II memory as sacred story.

These symbolic drivers explain why rational compromises often stall. Without addressing the symbolic layer, negotiations remain fragile. As outlined in Deep Diplomacy, sustainable peace requires attention to this invisible yet powerful dimension.

Why symbolic diplomacy looks unreal

Why then is symbolic diplomacy often dismissed as utopian? Partly because symbols are invisible to conceptual eyes. They are not quantifiable in spreadsheets. Partly because engaging them requires patience and openness, which political urgency rarely allows.

But ignoring symbols has heavy costs: repeated cycles of conflict, unstable agreements, societies torn apart by wounds that never healed. Symbolic diplomacy is not unreal. What is unreal is thinking we can manage geopolitics while ignoring the human depth that drives it.

A broader realism

Symbolic diplomacy may look soft to those trained only in balance-of-power logic. But it touches the hardest realities: the symbols in people’s hearts that determine whether wars are fought or peace is made.

A broader realism sees both the weapons in hands and the meanings in hearts. Without this depth, geopolitics remains a perpetual reaction to symptoms rather than an engagement with causes.

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Addendum

Me: “Lisa, Professor John Mearsheimer would still say: realism is about force. To expect otherwise is naïve. How do you reply?”

Lisa: “Naïve is to think force alone explains history. Every tank rolls on roads paved with memory and meaning. Wars don’t begin with weapons but with wounded dignity. Realism that ignores symbols isn’t realism at all — it is half-blind.

True realism sees both: the steel in hands and the symbols in hearts. Without the second, the first will always return to the battlefield.”

Me: “Ah, I see John entering the room. Let’s see what he has to reply on this…”

John: “Lisa, I hear you, but power decides outcomes. Always has, always will. States may dress their actions in symbols, but when push comes to shove, it’s the side with the stronger army, the tighter economy, the better alliances, that prevails. Dignity doesn’t stop bullets. Meaning doesn’t deter missiles. At best, symbols are rhetoric layered on top of the real game — the struggle for survival in an unforgiving world.”

Lisa: “John, bullets may win battles, but they rarely win peace. Every empire that believed otherwise eventually collapsed under the weight of meanings it failed to respect. Force can silence for a time, but it cannot erase the memory of humiliation, nor the longing for recognition. These live on and rise again, sometimes generations later.

Symbols are not decoration; they are the fuel. Without them, armies lack purpose, citizens lack will, and victories turn hollow. So yes, power matters — but power itself rests on symbols. Soldiers fight for flags, not spreadsheets. That is the deeper realism you are missing.”

John: “Perhaps. But the world is harsh. Relying on trust and symbols feels like gambling with survival.”

Lisa: “Without symbolic reconciliation, survival means little more than waiting for the next war. True realism does not choose between force and symbols; it sees that without the second, the first will never bring lasting safety.”